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10/16/2013 #Aztlan-Network-News Links ~via @Peta_de_Aztlan
http://aztlan-network-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/10162013-aztlan-network-news-links-via.html
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53 Million / The Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2012, making people of Hispanic origin the nation's largest ethnic or racial minority. Hispanics constituted 17 percent of the nation's total population. Source: 2012 Population Estimates
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9/19/2013 Latino Or Hispanic? How The Federal Government Decided
~By Grace Flores-Hughes @LatinoVoices http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/19/latino-or-hispanic_n_3956350.html#slide=2926202
Comment: 10/15/2013 ~ I have been doing some online research tonight for Aztlan-Network-News Blog http://aztlan-network-news.blogspot.com/
So Hispanics got to the term Hispanics! First of all, we are all of the humane race. Race in terms of separate races is a social invention. The Spaniards saw indigenous Natives of the Americas as an inferior race and used it to justify the Spanish Conquest.
As a Chicano de Aztlán I prefer the term La Raza of La Raza Cosmica. As a people, we are mostly 'mestizo' of Mexican and Native bloodlines. I am first and foremost a humane being.
@Peta_de_Aztlan aka Peter S. López
Sacramento, Calias, Aztlán c/s
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9/19/2013 Is it Latino or Hispanic? Here's why it matters ~By Grace Flores-Hughes @VoxxiNews http://www.voxxi.com/latino-or-hispanic/
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10/15/2013 What Does It Mean To Be Latino In The United States? (VIDEO) @LatinoVoices http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/15/what-does-latino-mean_n_4102364.html
3/12/2012 An Introduction to Strategic Essentialism ~By Carley Matsumoto
https://sge.lclark.edu/2012/03/12/an-introduction-to-strategic-essentialism/
Strategic essentialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_essentialism
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10/15/2013 #Latino-Owned Businesses Contribute $100 Billion Yearly to California
~via @HSNChicago
http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/latino-daily-news/details/report-latino-owned-businesses-contribute-100-billion-annually-to-californi/27549/
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Representative Luis V. Gutierrez OPTIMISTIC ABOUT IMMIGRATION'S CHANCES WHEN GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN IS RESOLVED
http://gutierrez.house.gov/press-release/guti%C3%A9rrez-optimistic-about-immigrations-chances-when-government-shutdown-resolved
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10/16/2013 #Latino Americans @PopMatters
http://www.popmatters.com/review/175835-latino-americans/
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https://www.facebook.com/NationalImmigrantYouthAlliance
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10/16/2013 MEDIA ADVISORY: ICE Re-interviews Dreamers in Apparent Attempt to Deny Their Cases ~via @latinorebels
http://www.latinorebels.com/2013/10/16/media-advisory-ice-re-interviews-dreamers-in-apparent-attempt-to-deny-their-cases/
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10/14/2013 Cultural Survival Participates in The First Central American Youth Conference @CSORG
http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/cultural-survival-participates-first-central-american-youth-conference
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Protesters lay on the ground dressed in red at Monday’s die-in at Columbia University, New York, as part of Take Back Manhattan, which celebrates indigenous culture and history. The act was meant to symbolize the sinister significance of Columbus Day for many of the
continent’s native peoples. (Courtesy of Jerry Levy)
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10/15/2013 Celebrating #Indigenous Peoples’ Day ~By @aurabogado @thenation
http://www.thenation.com/blog/176640/celebrating-indigenous-peoples-day#
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10/15/2013 #Mexico City On Path To Legalize Marijuana (VIDEO) @LatinosVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/15/mexico-city-legalize-marijuana_n_4101475.html
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10/15/2013 Obama says will push immigration after fiscal crisis over @Reuters
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/16/us-usa-obama-immigration-idUSBRE99F01Q20131016
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10/16/2013 Raul Labrador (R-Idaho) : #Immigration Reform Is Dead After Spending Showdown http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/raul-labrador-immigration-reform_n_4109716.html
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10/16/2013 San Diego: City Councilman Faulconer backed by Latino group
~via @utsandiego
http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/oct/16/endorsement-faulconer-mayoral-election/
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10/16/2013 Chris Christie’s #Latino Surge » @NatCounterPunch http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/10/16/chris-christies-latino-surge/
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Winona LaDuke listens to the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission in July 2013 discuss a northern Minnesota oil pipeline. Now she says she will actively oppose expanding North Dakota pipelines. (Forum News Service photo by Don Davis)
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10/15/2013 Winona LaDuke plans to fight North Dakota 'national sacrifice area' in Oil Patch @inforum
http://www.inforum.com/event/article/id/415315/
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Dayana Mendoza @Dayanamendoza Discusses The Importance Of HIV Testing Within The Latino Community (VIDEO) @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/dayana-mendoza-hiv-testing_n_4103266.html
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“Latinos are the secret ingredient for the United States to regain economic competitiveness in the world.” ~ Dr. David Hayes Bautista, sociologist University of California Los Angeles 10/16/2013 Oakland event highlights the vitality of #Latino businesses @northoaklandnow
http://blog.sfgate.com/inoakland/2013/10/16/oakland-event-highlights-the-vitality-of-latino-businesses/
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Javier Hernandez celebrating one of his goals against Japan with Andres Guardado during the FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013 on June 22, 2013 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. (Getty Images)
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10/15/2013 / Reuters Not Qualifying For The World Cup Could Cost Mexico $600 Million @FoxNewsLatino http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2013/10/15/not-qualifying-to-world-cup-could-cost-mexico-600-million/
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Michael Orozco tied the score, 1-1, for the United States in the 63rd minute against Panama.
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10/15/2013 U.S. Ends Panama’s World Cup Run and Saves Mexico @NYTimes
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/16/sports/soccer/us-ends-panamas-world-cup-run-and-saves-mexico.html
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Leonor Gaviña Valls poses with some of the products marketed by Gaviña Gourmet Coffee. (EFE)
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10/16/2013 Hispanic Businesses Contribute 650K Jobs Annually To The California Economy @FoxNewsLatino
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/10/16/hispanic-businesses-contribute-650k-jobs-annually-to-california-economy/
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10/16/2013 'Documented,' an Immigration Documentary By an Undocumented American, Comes to Hawaii | Jose Antonio Vargas @joseiswriting
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jose-antonio-vargas/documented-hawaii-international-film-festival_b_4107164.html
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10/16/2013 Puerto Rico Denies Bankruptcy And Takeover Rumors @FoxNewsLatino
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/10/16/puerto-rico-denies-bankruptcy-and-takeover-rumors/
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▶ #Brazil: teachers' protest in Rio de Janeiro turns violent ~via @guardian
http://youtu.be/OBaEp2pRKF4 ~Pub Oct 16, 2013
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Members of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group take cover during clashes with police after a march of striking teachers took place to mark National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013. Police and small groups of protesters clashed in Brazil's two biggest cities Tuesday night after the end of peaceful demonstrations
demanding better pay for teachers and affordable housing. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Source: AP2013
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Masked members of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group set fire to a police bus after a march of striking teachers marked National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013.
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Protesters shout slogans holding posters with letters that form the message; "Out Cabral', referring to Sergio Cabral, Rio de Janeiro's governor, during a march in support of striking teachers, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013.
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A man wearing a Batman costume, holding a heart shaped poster that reads in Portuguese; "Happy Teacher's Day," marches alongside masked members of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group during a march in support of striking teachers, marking National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013.
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A demonstrator wears a necklace made from empty tear gas projectiles during a march in support of striking teachers, on the nation's teacher recognition day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013. Teachers have been on strike demanding better pay for almost two months. (AP Photo/Silvia Izquierdo)
Source: AP2013
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Brazilian police guard an area where a police car was set on fire by members of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group after a march of striking teachers took place to mark National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013. Police and small groups of protesters clashed in Brazil's two biggest cities Tuesday night after the end of peaceful demonstrations demanding better pay for teachers and affordable housing. (AP Photo/Silvia Izquierdo)
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Masked members of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group join in a march in support of striking teachers, marking National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013. Teachers have been on strike demanding better pay for more than two months. Last week, a largely peaceful rally turned violent in Rio when small groups of masked protesters started hurling rocks and gasoline bombs at banks, stores and restaurants and set fire to a passenger bus. During the march Black Bloc anarchists tried to incite the crowd, but were kept in check by other demonstrators. (AP Photo/Silvia Izquierdo)
Source: AP2013
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A member of the so-called Black Bloc anarchist group jumps a burning barricade on his skateboard, during clashes with police, at the end of a march of striking teachers that took place to mark National Teachers Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2013. Police and small groups of protesters clashed in Brazil's two biggest cities Tuesday
night after the end of peaceful demonstrations demanding better pay for teachers and affordable housing. (AP Photo/Renata Brito)
Source: AP2013
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#Brazil Protest Demanding Higher Wages For Teachers Turns Violent @FoxNewsLatino http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/10/16/brazil-protest-demanding-higher-wages-for-teachers-turns-violent/
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10/15/2013 #Aztlan-Network-News Links ~via @Peta_de_Aztlan
http://aztlan-network-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/10152013-aztlan-network-news-links-via.html
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10/14/2013 What happened to the #indigenous race? by Rodolfo F. Acuña
http://menudoreport.com/TMR-indigenous.html
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10/14/2013 Mutilation and Other Carnage: War Crimes Committed by Columbus @indiancountry http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/14/mutilation-and-other-carnage-7-worst-atrocities-committed-columbus-151747
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Christopher Columbus presents Native Americans to Queen Isabella.
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10/14/2013 8 Myths and Atrocities About Christopher Columbus and Columbus Day @indiancountry http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/14/8-myths-and-atrocities-about-christopher-columbus-and-columbus-day-151653
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10/13/2013 Texas Governor's race: Hispanic vote key factor in election @elpasotimes http://www.elpasotimes.com/news/ci_24299385/abbott-will-go-after-hispanic-vote
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Assmblyman Luis Alejo, left, Sen. Ricardo Lara, Sen. Kevin de Leon, Los Angeles City Councilman Gil Cedillo, Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and Assemblyman Manuel Perez give the thumbs up as Gov. Jerry Brown signs a bill allowing people in the U.S. illegally to obtain California driver's licenses.
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10/13/2013 #Immigration bills benefited from a more engaged Gov. Brown @latimes
http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-brown-immigration-20131014,0,5441797.story
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10/13/2013 #Immigration is the issue that can cut both ways @sacbee_news
http://www.sacbee.com/2013/10/13/5818017/immigration-is-the-issue-that.html
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10/14/2013 Protesters chain themselves outside immigration detention center in Arizona
~by @monicasuarez06 ~via @NBCLatino
http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/14/protesters-chain-themselves-outside-immigration-detention-center-in-arizona/
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10/14/2013 Hispanics in America: the importance of this growing demographic @CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/14/opinion/cartagena-latino-boom/index.html
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10/14/2013 Top 8 most influential Hispanics in health care ~By @AetherScribe @Saludify
http://saludify.com/influential-hispanics-in-health-care/
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Union members rally on the National Mall in Washington in support of immigration reform. Thousands marched on Capitol Hill on Oct. 8 to urge Congress to act on the issue. (Chris Kleponis, AFP/Getty Images / October 8, 2013)
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10/12/2013 States back off from enacting #immigration laws @latimes
http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-ff-immigration-laws-20131013,0,610569.story
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10/13/2013 #Chile indigenous groups mark Columbus Day with protests @ajam http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/13/chile indigenousgroupsmarkcolumbusdaywithprotests.html
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10/14/2013 Eloy Detention Center And Phoenix ICE Office Entrances Blocked By Protesters
~via @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/eloy-detention-center-protest_n_4099063.html
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10/14/2013 #Latino Labor Is Vital For Idaho Farming @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/latino-labor-is-vital-for_n_4097089.html
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10/14/2013 Sociology professor leads as director of largest Latino organization: LULAC
http://ualr.edu/www/2013/10/14/sociology-prof-director-of-largest-latino-organization/
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10/14/2013 Oscar Hijuelos | 1951-2013: ‘Mambo Kings’ won 1st Pulitzer for a Latino
http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_world/2013/10/14/mambo-kings-won-1st-pulitzer-for-a-latino.html
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Meet David Alvarez and Mike Aguirre, two Latinos running for mayor of San Diego @NBCLatino http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/14/meet-david-alvarez-and-mike-aguirre-two-latinos-running-for-mayor-of-san-diego/
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10/14/2013 MCC focuses on tech, Latino students @DandC
http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/2013/10/14/mcc-focuses-on-tech-latino-students/2984413/
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▶ LA SORPRESA: Dedicado a todos los que están lejos.
http://youtu.be/qxu5W4bj4I8 ~Pub Oct 5, 2013
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10/14/2013 VIDEO: Heart-Wrenching Video Illustrates Immigrant Experience @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/la-sorpresa-viral-video_n_4098518.html
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10/14/2013 Ecuadorian Victims' Struggle for Justice Against #Chevron ~By Bianca Jagger @BiancaJagger http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bianca-jagger/ecuador-chevron-case_b_4098800.html
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A police vehicle is parked next to the clinic owned by Dr. Roman Gomez Gaviria on the outskirts of Mexico City, Sunday, Oct. 13, 2013. Security has been posted outside of Dr. Gavirira's clinic after he was threatened by a criminal gang demanding protection money. Shakedown rackets, which have long targeted bars, casinos and shadier businesses linked to drug traffickers, are increasingly going after legitimate businesses like Gaviria?s clinic as extortions across the country are rising. Targets i | AP
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10/14/2013 In #Mexico, Extortion Soars Amid Crackdown On Drugs @HuffPostWorld
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/mexico-extortion_n_4097989.html
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10/14/2013 VIDEO: #Chile Protests: Indigenous Groups March Against Columbus Day
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/chile-protests-columbus_n_4098351.html
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Mapuche - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche
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Who are the Mapuche? People of the Land ~ Che= People ~ Mapu= of the land
By Mapuche foundation http://www.mapuche.nl/english/mapuche.htm
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More than 200 Organizations Sign on to Letter Opposing Rep. Goodlatte’s Immigration Bill
~via @FarmwrkrJustice
http://www.farmworkerjustice.org/press/more-200-organizations-sign-letter-opposing-rep-goodlatte%E2%80%99s-immigration-bill
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October 15, 201 First-Ever Footage of Aging Tar Sands Pipelines Beneath Great Lakes @EcoWatch ~via @indigenous_news
http://ecowatch.com/news/energy-news/footage-of-tar-sands-pipelines-beneath-great-lakes/
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Margarita Castillo: Mother of “Baby Hope” explains why she never went to police (VIDEO) @NBCLatino
http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/15/mother-of-baby-hope-explains-why-she-never-went-to-police-video/
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10/15/2013 Why these 10 Latino actors are proud to be Latino (VIDEO) by Olivia Santini aka @Cali28fornia @NBCLatino
http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/15/why-these-10-latino-actors-are-proud-to-be-latino-video/
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10/15/2013 VIDEO+ Raul Reyes on immigration: activists more “emboldened” to ask Congress, President to act ~By @aphickson ~via @NBCLatino
http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/15/raul-reyes-on-immigration-activists-more-emboldened-to-ask-congress-president-to-act/
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10/15/2013 Chris Christie Comes Out In Support Of Dream Act For New Jersey (VIDEO) @LatinoVoices http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/15/chris-christie-dream-act_n_4100904.html
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10/15/2013 Opinion: Rosario Marin: The Obamacare Trap @FoxNewsLatino
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2013/10/15/rosario-marin-obamacare-trap/
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10/15/2013 Will California Law Allowing Undocumented Immigrant Lawyers Have A Ripple Effect Across Country? ~By Ernesto Lopez @Fox News Latino
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/10/15/will-california-law-allowing-undocumented-immigrant-lawyers-have-ripple-effect/
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10/15/2013 5 Hispanic Leaders That Everyone Should Know @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/15/hispanic-leaders_n_4100409.html
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FILE: Author Oscar Hijuelos at a reception for the Hispanic Heritage Awards in Washington. (AP)
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Novelist Oscar Hijuelos Aptly Shared Our Story As Cuban Émigrés ~By @RickSanchezTV
@FoxNewsLatino http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2013/10/15/rick-sanchez-novelist-oscar-hijuelos-aptly-shared-with-world-our-story-as-cuban/
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Argentine-born biochemist Cesar Milstein shared the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine with Georges Koehler of Germany and Niels Jerne of Denmark. The scientists developed a way to produce monoclonal antibodies, which are used to treat some forms of cancer and several autoimmune diseases.
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10/9/2013 Hispanic Heritage Month: Mental health disparities
~By Cindy Y. Rodriguez aka @cindyrodriguez @CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/health/latino-mental-health-disparities/index.html
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Jessica Rodriguez, second from left, with her son Gregory, daughter Caroline, and husband Guillermo Ramirez.
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10/10/2013 Sister survivors': Latinas band together in breast cancer battle
~By Elizabeth Landau @CNN #Latism
http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/10/health/hispanic-breast-cancer-disparities/index.html
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By switching to a healthier diet and getting regular exercise, Latinos can drastically change their health issues, experts say
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10/15/2013 Obesity, diabetes, stroke plague Hispanic community ~By Cindy Y. Rodriguez aka @CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/15/health/latino-cardiovascular-disparities/
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Guatemalan police with the seized weapons
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10/15/2013 Zetas' Top Guatemala Operative "El Yanqui," Captured in #Mexico @InSightCrime
http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/zetas-arms-cache-found-in-guatemala
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10/15/2013 » Smooth Criminal: Chevron Sues Rainforest Communities It Contaminated @AmazonMiller @AmazonWatch
http://amazonwatch.org/news/2013/1015-smooth-criminal-chevron-sues-rainforest-communities-it-contaminated
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By Frida Kahlo
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By Diego Rivera
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By Frida Kahlo
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10/15/2013 Art, Love And Life Collide In Epic Frida Kahlo And Diego Rivera Exhibition @LatinoVoices http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/15/frida-kahlo-diego-rivera_n_4097369.html
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@PBS ▶ #Latino Americans | Watch Online:
http://video.pbs.org/program/latino-americans/
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@PBS ▶ Video: Episode 1: Foreigners in Their Own Land | Watch #Latino Americans:
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365075996/
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@PBS ▶ Video: Episode 2: Empire of Dreams | Watch #Latino Americans Online:
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365076018/
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@PBS ▶ Video: Episode 3: War and Peace | Watch #Latino Americans Online:
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365076051/
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@PBS ▶ Video: Episode 4: The New Latinos | Watch #Latino Americans Online:
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365076190/
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Aztlan-Network-News Blog
http://aztlan-network-news.blogspot.com/
Connect! Network-Aztlan-News Group
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http://menudoreport.com/TMR-indigenous.html
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When César Chávez was asked what he thought about the term la raza, he answered the question with a question, asking, what was wrong with the indigenous race?
The word raza was popularized by José Vasconselos who in 1925 wrote
an essay titled "La Raza Cósmica" (The Cosmic Race). Vasconcelos was an
intellectual and intellectuals at the time took it to mean that Latin
American was comprised of races from all over the world, and that the
mixture had produced a new people who would transcend the "old world".
But, as in the case of all words, meanings are distorted when they
are not defined or put into context. In the case of la raza, it was
given a bad name by some Latin Americans and Spaniards who wanted to
play down the animosity of many Latin Americans toward Spain and the
conquest. These leaders took to celebrating Columbus Day, October 12, as
the day of the "discovery" of the Americas and the mixing of the races
that included Spaniards.
Without any context, El Día de la Raza validates and accepts the
argument that the indigenous peoples were fortunate to have been
"discovered", and receiving the blessing of Jesus Christ. Moreover, they
argued the Indian benefitted from Spanish culture. But, history is
about the truth, and the celebration of a manufactured holiday doesn't
make it so.
It is offensive to mark Columbus Day as a federal holiday. It is also
offensive when classroom teachers try to impress their students with
stories of the Nina, Pinta and the Santa María.
Some cities will even hold Columbus Day parades with Italians, Jews
and Spaniards fighting for a piece of Columbus. For some of us, it is as
offensive as celebrating Hitler's birthday, which as far as I know, no
sane group in the United States wants to claim.
Debunking the Columbus Myth is difficult because it has become
legend, and it is part of our shared memory. Moreover, people want to
believe it. They want the holiday, and the manufactured truth that makes
Columbus an American hero. It is part of a Eurocentric worldview that
reinforces feelings of American and European exceptionalism.
The truth be told, Columbus was not a great man. In his early career,
he was conversant with the African slave trade of the Mediterranean and
Atlantic Islands off the shores of Spain and North Africa that made
huge profits. Columbus took these memories and their lessons with him to
the Caribbean.
His voyages were for profit ventures; by contract he was entitled to
10 percent of the profits. Upon first encountering the indigenous
peoples, Columbus wrote in his journal on October 12, 1492: "They should
be good servants .... I, our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at
the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses." When he
arrived in Spain, the natives were paraded through the streets of
Barcelona and Seville.
On his second voyage, Columbus sent back Indians to be sold as
slaves. In 1493 Columbus wrote to the Spanish Crowns: ""their Highnesses
may see that I shall give them as much gold as they need .... and
slaves as many as they shall order to be shipped." Indeed, hundreds of
Indians were shipped during Columbus' voyages, and in 1505 Columbus' son
Diego became an African slave trader.
Quoting from Whitney DeWitt, "The Indians that were not exported were
put into slavery on the island. There was literally no way to escape
some form of enslavement. Columbus would let the settlers of his
establishment choose whomever they wanted for their own. One account
claims that each settler had slaves to work for them, dogs to hunt for
them, and beautiful women to warm their beds. This degradation of an
entire group of people seemed not to bother Columbus or the Spaniards in
any way. They appeared to consider it their right as superiors."
The devastation was horrific. In 1492, the population on the island
of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) was estimated at above 3
million. Within 20 years it was reduced to only 60,000, and within 50
years, not a single original native inhabitant was left.
This opened the door for the African slave trade. The great majority
of African slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and Brazil. It
is estimated that 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the New World,
with about 10.7 million surviving the voyages. About 600,000 slaves were
imported into the U.S., and at least 200,000 African slaves were
imported to Mexico, which is significant considering that by the 17th
century, the population of New Spain once 25/28 million, dropped to
less than a million natives, and no more than 250,000 Spaniards migrated
to what is now Mexico during the entire colonial period.
African slaves did not compromise the major source of forced labor in
New Spain; the Indians were also made slaves and performed most of the
forced labor in the fields, mines and other projects.
Columbus set in place a system based on race that was expanded in New
Spain (Mexico), perpetuating a caste system based on color.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYyc6Po1XhI
The rule of thumb was the
more Spanish blood or the more Spanish a person looked the more
privileges he or she had.
The truth be told, Mexicans are still suffering the devastation and
the racism caused by Columbus. The legacy of Columbus' "discovery" can
today be seen in the streets of Mexico City where little children sell
gum for handouts, and poverty is almost solely represented by los de
abajo of the castas.
Anyone who has any sense of justice or history knows that the
ancestors of these children built great civilizations with cities larger
than those of contemporary Europe. They had books that the sons of
Columbus destroyed; they had an advanced mathematical system, calendars,
architecture, agriculture, and a defined cosmology. They were destroyed
by the children of Columbus, who reduced the natives to selling gum.
Celebrating El Día de la Raza is not an innocuous act. Holidays are
important in forming approved memories. Identity is formed by culture
that in turn shapes our behavior, beliefs and cultural narratives.
Holidays are part of our memory and form our narratives. Popular events
such as holidays are sanctioned by society, and they act as a form of
social control that help maintain a social order and a popular
consensus. It is in this context that terms such as el día de la raza
are important because they avoid the need for providing a historical
context, and thus absolve the Europeans for their sins.
I have been criticized for referring to what happened to the
indigenous peoples as genocide. Critics say that I am engaging in
hyperbole. Many repeat the cliché that after all it happened in the
past. It the process it short circuits our long-term memory.
The reality is that Columbus Day denies and minimizes the brutality
of the Spanish Conquest, and the violent deaths of tens of millions of
natives throughout the Americas. Some experts estimate that there were
100 million Indians in the Americas; this number fell to about 10
million. It denies the brutality and inhumanity of the African slave
trade.
The acceptance of Columbus Day elevates Columbus to a position of
honor. And that is offensive. Whether we like it or not el día de la
raza imputes meanings, and gives credibility to the myth that Columbus
discovered the Americas when the reality is as Jalil Sued-Badillo says,
"Christopher Columbus has the distinction of being the first to
introduce that new order to America."
I am not a proponent of collective guilt. But, at the same time, it
is important to answer César's question, what was wrong with the
indigenous race?
ABOUT THIS AUTHOR
RODOLFO ACUÑA, a professor emeritus at California State University
Northridge, has published 20 books and over 200 public and scholarly
articles. He is the founding chair of the first Chicano Studies Dept
which today offers 166 sections per semester in Chicano Studies. His
history book Occupied America has been banned in Arizona. In solidarity
with Mexican Americans in Tucson, he has organized fundraisers and
support groups to ground zero and written over two dozen articles
exposing efforts there to nullify the U.S. Constitution.
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Illustrations
Special thanks to Sergio Hernández for his caricature of Columbus, Sergio is a great artist and political cartoonist.
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▶ Las castas discriminatorias ~ Ignacio González Channel
http://youtu.be/TYyc6Po1XhI ~Uploaded Feb 9, 2009
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10/13/2013 #Aztlan-Network News Links ~via @Peta_de_Aztlan
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10/8/2013 » Making History: Brazil's National Indigenous Mobilization @AmazonWatch http://amazonwatch.org/news/2013/1008-making-history-brazils-national-indigenous-mobilization
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Support
Combat and Corporate Capitalism!
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10/10/2013 Members Of Kidney-Trafficking Ring Detained In Costa Rica @LatinoVoices http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/12/kidney-trafficking-ring-costa-rica_n_4089251.html
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10/11/2013 #Latino Business Owners Share Start-ups For Hispanic Heritage Month @newschannelnine http://www.newschannel9.com/news/top-stories/stories/latino-business-owners-share-startups-hispanic-heritage-month-7451.shtml
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10/12/2013 #Brazil Rancher Sentenced To Over 100 Years For Killing Farmers @LatinoVoices
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/13/brazil-rancher-killing-farmers_n_4093882.html
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Cesar Fuentes, a math teacher at a high school, teaches Algebra I to Spanish speaking students. (Michael Robinson Chavez/Los Angeles Times/MCT) Cesar Fuentes, a math teacher at a high school, teaches Algebra I to Spanish speaking students.
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More Latinos cling to college dreams, but cultural factors pose challenges @LatinoPolitico
http://latinotimes.com/latinos/760592-more-latinos-cling-to-college-dreams-but-cultural-factors-pose-challenges.html
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New Mexicans missing from @PBS Latino series ~By Orlando Romero @thenewmexican
http://www.santafenewmexican.com/opinion/local_columns/article_af876323-a0d4-5c68-84d7-d6575994f5ba.html
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10/12/2013 #Veterans feel shutdown's sting ~By @elijahwolfson ~via @AJAM
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/12/veterans-feel-shutdownssting.html
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(L-R) Producer Elizabeth Gardener, actress Melodie Diaz and founder of the NY International Latino Film Festival Calixto Chinchilla attends the opening night of the festival held in 2008. Now, after 13 years the festival is no more.
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New York International Latino Film Festival ends after 13 years @NYDailyNews
http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/new-york-international-latino-film-festival-ends-13-years-article-1.1484068
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Austin, Texas: The promise and challenge of the #Latino job puzzle @statesman
http://www.statesman.com/news/business/latino-job-puzzle/nbMJg/
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Jill Ramirez of the Latino Health Care Forum talked to Jesse Zavala about the Affordable Care Act in Austin. He said he knew little about the law.
http://latinohealthcareforum.org/ @LatinoHealthUSA
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#Texas For Aid Insuring Latinos, Groups Look Close to Home @NYTimes
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/us/for-aid-insuring-latinos-groups-look-close-to-home.html
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North Carolina: Fiesta Latina showcases gifts from the Latino community @asheville
http://www.citizen-times.com/article/20131013/NEWS/310130079/Fiesta-Latina-showcases-gifts-from-Latino-community
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Long Beach California: EYE ON ART: MOLAA's LATINO/US Cotidiano Captures Everyday Life @LBGazetteNews http://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/eye_on_art/eye-on-art-molaa-s-latino-us-cotidiano-captures-everyday/article_f1f727e8-3131-11e3-9e98-0019bb2963f4.html
MOLAA | Home ~ Museum of Latin American Art ~ http://www.molaa.org/ @molaa
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#Latino horror, Dominican film festivals on tap ~By Robert Dominguez @NYDailyNews
http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/latino-horror-dominican-film-festivals-tap-article-1.1484133
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